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3-Axis vs. 5-Axis CNC Machining: What to Know

picture of Kat de Naoum
Written by
Megan Conniff - Xometry Contributor
Updated by
 3 min read
Published March 16, 2023
Updated October 4, 2024

Learn about these two machining processes and how they can be used

3-axis CNC milling machine. Image Credit: Shutterstock.com/Pixel B

By now, you’ll likely be aware of how much we love CNC (computer numerical control) machines here at Xometry. They’ve made otherwise arduous manual manufacturing processes, like cutting, drilling, and turning, practically effortless via automation. With CNC machining, almost everything is computerized, so these processes are more accurate than manual methods, resulting in higher-quality parts. Most CNC machines are either 3- or 5-axis, and, in this article, we’ll look at their differences and what they’re each good for.

3-Axis CNC Machining

A 3-axis CNC machine, such as a lathe, mill, or machine tool center, moves its tool (whether it’s a cutter, drill, or mill) along the X (left to right), Y (front to back), and Z (up and down) axes. More specifically, it can move either horizontally (X-Y axes) or vertically (Z axis) to control the cutting depth. This is what a 3-axis CNC machine looks like:

A 3-axis CNC machine
A 3-axis CNC machine

This type of machine can cut and plane to specific depths, depending on the tool used and the material being worked on. Its limited range of motion and the fact that it can’t automatically rotate the workpiece make it best for making simpler parts with straightforward shapes and designs and minimal details. These machines are best for making 2D and 2.5D parts and shorter production runs, and they’re reasonably priced, making them ideal for startups or small to medium-sized businesses. 

5-Axis CNC Machining

As well as left–right, front–back, and up–down, a 5-axis CNC machine has two more movements up its sleeve: it can also rotate its tool around the other two axes (A and B). You can see how the process works in the diagram below.

Process Diagram for 5-Axis CNC Machining
Process Diagram for 5-Axis CNC Machining

With a full five-axis range of motion, these machines can work at multiple angles to precisely make complex and intricate parts with smooth surfaces, angles, and contours. They can also perform continuous milling, which saves a lot of time, and don’t need any manual intervention as they rotate the workpiece automatically. These high-tech CNC and milling machines or routers can make turbine blades, molds, and impellers, such as the one in the below image.

5-axis impeller
5-axis impeller

3-Axis vs. 5-Axis: Pros and Cons

The main difference between these two types of CNC machines is the number of ways they can move their tool: one has three, and one has five. This seemingly small factor, however, makes a world of difference, as you can see in the side-by-side comparison table below.

Factor3-Axis5-Axis
Factor
Cutting tool movement
3-Axis
Along X, Y, and Z axes
5-Axis
Along X, Y, Z axes, and also along A and B rotational axes
Factor
Efficiency
3-Axis
Good
5-Axis
Excellent, quick
Factor
Tool changes
3-Axis
Need multiple setups for complex parts (re-clamping, repositioning, etc.)
5-Axis
Minimal, can work on part from different angles without repositioning
Factor
Capabilities
3-Axis
Limited, no complex shapes, undercuts, or multi-sided features
5-Axis
Can make deep cuts on all sides of workpiece, intricate shapes and undercuts
Factor
Accuracy
3-Axis
Good
5-Axis
Excellent
Factor
Ease of operation
3-Axis
Minimal training needed, simple to use and program (CNC programming skills needed)
5-Axis
Needs specialized training and expertise and more advanced CAD/CAM programming
Factor
Cost
3-Axis
$25,000 to $50,000
5-Axis
$80,000 to over $500,000
Factor
Maintenance/operating costs
3-Axis
Low
5-Axis
Higher
Factor
Cost per part
3-Axis
Lower
5-Axis
Higher, although faster production could lower cost of more complex parts
Factor
Maintenance needs
3-Axis
Low due to fewer moving parts
5-Axis
High, needs regular maintenance to run smoothly
Factor
Wear and tear
3-Axis
Less prone
5-Axis
More prone due to additional moving parts
Factor
Applications
3-Axis
Simpler parts for automotive, aerospace, and electronics (housings, panels, flat surfaces)
5-Axis
Many different sizes and shapes, aircraft engine parts, medical implants and prosthetics

3-Axis vs. 5-Axis: Pros and Cons

How Xometry Can Help

Xometry provides a wide range of manufacturing capabilities including CNC machining, 3D printing, injection molding, laser cutting, and sheet metal fabrication. You can get started today by quickly and easily uploading your designs to the Xometry Instant Quoting Engine®.

Disclaimer

The content appearing on this webpage is for informational purposes only. Xometry makes no representation or warranty of any kind, be it expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, completeness, or validity of the information. Any performance parameters, geometric tolerances, specific design features, quality and types of materials, or processes should not be inferred to represent what will be delivered by third-party suppliers or manufacturers through Xometry’s network. Buyers seeking quotes for parts are responsible for defining the specific requirements for those parts. Please refer to our terms and conditions for more information.

picture of Kat de Naoum
Kat de Naoum
Kat de Naoum is a writer, author, editor, and content specialist from the UK with 20+ years of writing experience. Kat has experience writing for a variety of manufacturing and technical organizations and loves the world of engineering. Alongside writing, Kat was a paralegal for almost 10 years, seven of which were in ship finance. She has written for many publications, both print and online. Kat has a BA in English literature and philosophy, and an MA in creative writing from Kingston University.

Read more articles by Kat de Naoum

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