Differences Between Countersink and Counterbore Holes in Machining
Learn what they are, how they’re used, and all about their differences.
Both countersink and counterbore holes are common in machining applications. The most obvious difference between the two is probably their shape, but aside from that, there are a few others it’s worth knowing about. Let’s look at these hole types in more detail and find out when they’re best used.
What is a Countersink Hole?
Often used in woodworking on softer materials, countersink holes (callout symbol “⌵”) are cylindrical holes made to match the angle of a screw so it can be secured in place and sit nice and flush. It comes in many angles, from 60° to 120°, although 90° is the most common. Here’s an example of a countersunk hole:
The cone-shaped hole’s widest part (the “Major Hole Diameter” shown in the image above) is specifically designed for a screw or bolt to be inserted. The angle is important when it comes to these holes because this is what will determine how deep the fastener can be sunk in—the deeper it goes, the more secure it will be. Aside from making a joint stronger, a countersunk hole allows the fastener to go in at a shallower angle, lowering the chances of it stripping the material.
These holes can be made with a drill and a Phillips-head bit, or a purpose-built tool. The most important thing to do is make sure the hole is the right size and shape for whatever is going into it. “Countersinks can easily be applied to sheet cut or sheet metal products where counterbores can be cost prohibitive due to a machining operation,” says Greg Paulsen, Xometry’s Director of Applications Engineering.
What is a Counterbore Hole?
Counterbore holes (callout symbol “⌴”) are also cylindrical, and designed to to increase a hole’s opening and make a flat bottom, which helps the fastener sit flush with (and below, if necessary) the surface of the piece of material you’re working on. Although this is pretty much their only purpose, they allow socket-head screws to sit flush against the surface. Their walls are 90° from the material’s surface, and both the top and bottom of the head are flat.
Making one of these holes is a breeze: first drill a small pilot hole with a diameter drill bit, and then make that hole bigger with a counterbore cutter (a type of end mill). If you make a counterbore hole big enough for a washer, this could ramp up its holding power.
Countersink vs. Counterbore Holes
Counterbore holes are normally not as deep as a countersink hole, and instead of having tapered sides, they’re straight. They also tend to have more holding strength than countersink holes for two main reasons: the force applied by the socket cap screw head is parallel to the axis, and the force applied by the screw or bolt is evenly distributed over a larger surface area. You won’t find these strengths with countersunk holes, which have tapered angled sides and unevenly distributed force. The below image will give you a better idea of their differences.
Counterinks holes are used for wood and metal screws, while counterbores are mainly used for larger fasteners, like lag bolts. You’ll only really know what tool is best once you’ve made a hole with a pilot drill bit and see the size. Generally, countersinks need smaller pilots than counterbores, which is why the latter is used for heavy-duty tasks in construction, machinery, and automotive.
Sizes are typically expressed in terms of their diameter (the width of the hole), the depth (the distance from the material’s surface down to the pilot hole’s top), and the angle of the countersink. Counterbore sizes range from 3/16” to 1”, and countersinks 1/16” to ½”. We always recommend that our customers check the standard counterbore and countersink size chart to make sure their measurements are accurate.
| Hole Type | Description |
|---|---|
Hole Type Blind hole | Description A type of counterbore hole that doesn’t go all the way through the other side of a workpiece. Can be made by drilling, reaming, or milling. |
Hole Type Simple hole | Description A machining hole that passes all the way through to the other side of a material. It has a single diameter and is great for fastening parts together. |
Hole Type Counterdrill hole | Description This type has a countersink recessed below the surface. |
Hole Type Tapped hole | Description Created through a tapping process that cuts threads into the hole’s walls, this hole is handy if you need an alternative to nuts and bolts. |
Hole Type Spotface | Description This is basically a shallow counterbore hole with a smooth and high surface finish. |
Other Types of Machining Holes
How Xometry Can Help
Xometry can help with all your machining needs, with services like CNC drilling, jig boring, and so much more. We have a plethora of manufacturing capabilities, including CNC machining, 3D printing, injection molding, laser cutting, and sheet metal fabrication. Want to find out more about countersink and counterbore holes, or get a free, no-obligation quote? Contact a Xometry representative today.
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