Titanium: Definition, Characteristics, Grades, and Applications

Titanium has quite the reputation for being one of the strongest metals around. This “wonder metal” (yes, it also goes by that moniker) is used for many different applications in various industries, and it comes in different grades and alloys. At Xometry, we can instantly quote parts CNC machined or sheet cut titanium. Let’s learn more about titanium, how it’s made, and what it can do.

What Is Titanium?

Titanium is a metal that’s mainly known for its high strength, low weight, and corrosion resistance. It has the atomic number 22, and its chemical symbol on the periodic table is “Ti.” It has a silvery hue that typically leans toward either gray or white, but it can turn almost any color on the spectrum with different titanium anodizing methods by controlling the voltage during the process. Like most metals, titanium also has a shiny surface.

Titanium is Earth’s ninth most abundant element and can be found in igneous and sedimentary rocks, minerals, clay, and sand. However, you won’t be able to find titanium in its pure form in nature as it tends to react with oxygen. When it does, it creates a titanium dioxide (TiO₂) protective layer. Titanium is mainly extracted from two minerals—a dark brown to black rock with a crystal-like appearance called rutile, and ilmenite (titanium-iron oxide), a grayish-black rock. Other minerals that can also be refined to get pure titanium are anatase, perovskite, brookite, and titanite.

Although titanium doesn’t rank as one of the most expensive metals in the world, it is pricier than other common metals used in industry, like steel or aluminum. Pure titanium costs around $18 to $20 per kilo, and titanium alloys are usually priced anywhere from $70 to $80 per kilo.

What Is the Origin of Titanium? 

Titanium was first discovered as a mineral inclusion in 1791 in Cornwall, South West England, by a clergyman, geologist, and chemist called William Gregor. While out by a stream, Gregor found some black sand that was being pulled by a magnet. Upon closer inspection, he found iron oxide, and another whiter metal oxide that he didn’t recognize. He named the metal “manaccanite” and reported his discovery in French and German science journals. 

He wasn’t the only one to stumble across this valuable metal and wonder what it was; Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein, a mineralogist and mining engineer in Austria, was in a similar predicament. In 1795, a Prussian chemist, Martin Heinrich Klaproth, also happened upon this super strong element. He was the one who named it “titanium” — after the Titans of Greek mythology. It would take another 115 years until anyone managed to get pure titanium out. 

In 1910, Matthew A. Hunter, a scientist from New Zealand working at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in New York, isolated it by heating titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) with sodium at high pressure and temperature (1292–1472°F). The result was pure titanium, and sodium chloride as a byproduct. 

Then, in 1932, William Justin Kroll, a metallurgist from Luxembourg, found another way to isolate titanium, this time by reducing TiCl4 through fractional distillation with calcium, and later with magnesium and sodium. In the 1950s, the Soviet Union started using titanium for its military applications, including aviation and submarines, and it wasn’t long before the USA and other countries hopped on the titanium bandwagon.

What Is the Other Term for Titanium? 

Titanium is sometimes referred to as the “Wonder Metal” or the “aerospace metal” because of its numerous desirable properties for aerospace applications. Titanium’s low density, ductility, tensile strength, and corrosion resistance all contribute to its nicknames.

What Is the Symbol for Titanium?

The chemical symbol for titanium is “Ti”.

What Is Titanium Made Of?

Titanium is not found in its pure form in nature because of its tendency to react with oxygen. Instead, titanium is found in practically all rocks, clay, sand, and minerals on Earth in the form of titanium dioxide. Rutile and ilmenite are the two primary minerals used for the commercial production of titanium. Anatase, perovskite, brookite, and titanite also contain titanium. Each of the minerals described above can be refined to obtain pure titanium. 

How Is Titanium Made?

The “Kroll” and “Hunter” processes are still in use today for the commercial production of titanium, although Kroll is the most commonly used method. In the Kroll process, rutile or ilmenite is heated to get liquid TiCl4 which is then purified by fractional distillation processes, like the ones used to make gasoline from crude oil. 

Molten magnesium is then added to the liquid TiCl4 which results in a porous, titanium “sponge” and a magnesium-based salt. After that, this sponge is compressed and melted in an arc furnace, and the pure titanium is cast into ingots. To make alloys, the pure titanium melt is mixed with other metals before the ingots step.

What Are the Key Features of Titanium?

Titanium is one of the strongest metals on the periodic table. It’s highly durable with a long expected life, thanks to its high tensile yield strength, hardness, and fatigue resistance. It’s versatile enough to be fabricated with many different machining methods, including forming, rolling, casting, and welding. 

Its lower density (compared to many other metals) makes it impressively lightweight, and it has a high strength-to-weight ratio, too—more than aluminum, and it gives steel a run for its money. A titanium structure weighs around 45% less than a corresponding steel one as it has a lower density. 

It won’t expand or contract as much as other materials (i.e., steel) in high temperatures, and it’s also bulletproof against handguns and hunting guns (although it will understandably struggle with high-powered, armor-piercing, military-grade weapons).

What Is the Color of Titanium? 

Titanium has a silvery-gray or silvery-white color. However, titanium can achieve the full spectrum of color if anodized in specific ways. By controlling the voltage during the anodization process, different colors of titanium can be achieved.

What Does Titanium Look Like?

Titanium is commonly found in igneous and sedimentary rocks and minerals. Ilmenite (titanium-iron oxide) and rutile are the two minerals from which titanium is commonly extracted. Ilmenite is a grayish-black rock, while rutile is a dark brown to black rock with a crystal-like appearance.

What Are the Common Grades of Titanium?

There are three classes of titanium—alpha-alloys, beta-alloys, and alpha-beta alloys—and various titanium-alloy grades that fall under these classes. Although there are around fifty different titanium alloy grades, ASTM International recognizes only 31 titanium metal and alloys in total, only four of which are actually pure. Each alloy type has different properties that make it more suitable for particular applications. 

The list below describes the titanium classes and the grades that fall under them, along with their composition, features, and applications.

1. Alpha (α) Titanium

This class covers pure titanium and titanium alloys that are stabilized with elements like aluminum. They are super strong and ductile (although less so than other classes), formable, lightweight, corrosion resistant, and have high-temperature stability. Of the alpha class, Xometry offers Grade 2 titanium parts via CNC machining or sheet cutting.

Grade 1 pure titanium

• Composition: 99% titanium, 0.2% iron, 0.18% oxygen, and trace amounts of other elements such as nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen
• Features: The softest, most ductile, and most formable of all the grades
• Applications: Plating, piping, tubing, automotive, power generation, aerospace

Grade 2 pure titanium

• Composition: 99% titanium, 0.3% iron, 0.25% oxygen, and trace amounts of other elements
• Features: Slightly stronger than Grade 1, more affordable than other grades as it’s more widely used and so produced in larger volumes
• Applications: Welding, anodizing, lining material, power generation, petroleum

Grade 3 pure titanium

• Composition: 99.2–99.7% titanium, with a maximum of 0.30% iron, 0.35% oxygen, 0.08% carbon, 0.05% nitrogen, and 0.015% hydrogen
• Features: Least commonly used pure titanium grade, stronger than Grades 1 and 2 but less ductile and formable
• Applications: Anodizing, cryogenic vessels, condenser tubing, pressure vessels, heat exchangers, piping systems, marine, chemical processing (pipes, flanges, tubing, tanks, pumps, heat exchangers)

Grade 4 pure titanium

• Composition: 98.9–99.5% titanium, with up to 0.50% iron, 0.40% oxygen, 0.08% carbon, 0.05% nitrogen, and 0.015% hydrogen
• Features: Strongest of all Alpha titanium alloys (comparable to stainless and low-carbon steel)
• Applications: Marine components (i.e., airframe structures and heat exchangers), industrial equipment (tanks, reactors, valves, pipes, connecting rods, pumps), surgical implants, aerospace, chemical processing, oil & gas

2. Beta (β) Titanium

The beta class includes titanium alloys that are stabilized with elements like vanadium or molybdenum. These, too, are corrosion-resistant, workable, and have a high strength-to-weight ratio. They also have better ductility and formability than alphas. 

Grade 7

• Composition: 99% titanium, 0.12-0.25% palladium, 0.3% iron, 0.25% oxygen, and other elements
• Features: Highest corrosion resistance of all titanium alloys, can withstand harsh environments, nearly identical to Grade 2
• Applications: Welding, forming, desalination, chemical manufacturing

Grade 11

• Composition: 99.75% titanium, and 0.25% palladium
• Features: Corrosion resistance (particularly in acidic environments), similar to Grades 1 and 2, crevice corrosion resistance, highly ductile, impact toughness
• Applications: Welding, chemical processing and storage, ducts, pumps, and heat exchangers

Grade 12 (Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni)

• Composition: 99% titanium, 0.6-0.9% nickel, 0.2-0.4% molybdenum, up to 0.3% iron, up to 0.25% oxygen, and other elements
• Features: Strong, corrosion resistant (particularly in reducing acids), durable, thermally stable
• Applications: Welding, forming, marine components (ships, offshore drilling platforms), chemical manufacturing, and heat exchangers

3. Alpha-Beta (α-β) Titanium

These alloys combine features of both alpha and beta types. They’re strong, ductile, corrosion resistant, and can withstand high temperatures. Of these, Xometry regularly provides quotes on CNC or sheet cut parts made of Grade 5 titanium.

Grade 5 (Ti-6Al-4V)

• Composition: 88-90% titanium, 5.5-6.75% aluminum, 3.5-4.5% vanadium, and trace amounts of other elements (iron, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen)
• Features: The most commonly used titanium alloy (accounts for half of all the titanium used in the world), high strength, good ductility, heat resistant, can be heat treated, formabile, corrosion resistant
• Applications: Engines and structural components in aerospace (landing gear, firewalls, hydraulic systems, etc.), automotive parts (engine parts, crankshafts, valve seats, connecting rods, exhausts, suspension, frames, springs), medical (i.e., joint implants), sporting goods, consumer products, 3D printing

Grade 6 (Ti-5Al-2.5Sn)

• Composition: 92% titanium, 5% aluminum, 2.5% tin, and 0.5% iron
• Features: Strength, ductility, creep resistance, temperature stability, suitable for higher service temperatures of 900°F
• Applications: Casings/rings in turbine engines, structural members/frames in aerospace, and chemical processing parts

Grade 23 (Ti-6Al-4V ELI)

• Composition: 88-90% titanium, 5.5-6.5% aluminum, 3.5-4.5% vanadium, 0.25% iron, 0.13% oxygen, and other elements
• Features: Similar to Grade 5 but more pure, ductile, and tough, has high tensile and yield strength, high weldability
• Applications: Aerospace, dental (tooth implants), medical (implants, bone and joint replacements, surgical staples, ligature clips

Which Grade of Titanium Is Best?

Grade 5 (Ti 6Al-4V) titanium is the most versatile grade of titanium due to its wide range of desirable properties. It has high strength and ductility and is also corrosion-resistant, thermally stable, and highly formable. Its properties enable Grade 5 titanium to be ideal across a broad scope of industries and applications: from automotive and aerospace parts to sporting goods and consumer products.

What Grade of Titanium Is Used for 3D Printing? 

Grade 5 (Ti 6Al-4V) titanium is the one used for 3D printing. Grade 5 is best for 3D printing because of its high strength, excellent formability, and thermal stability. Powder bed fusion 3D printing methods like selective laser melting, electron beam melting, and direct metal laser sintering are used to 3D print titanium. These processes consist of selectively melting titanium powder that has been precisely laid onto a print bed. A powerful laser or electron beam melts the titanium powder and fuses it with the preceding layers of printed material to build completed parts.

What Is the Price of Titanium?

Commercially pure titanium costs roughly $18-$20 per kg while titanium alloys cost approximately $70-80 per kg.  

What Is the Cheapest Titanium Grade? 

Grade 2 titanium is the cheapest grade of titanium since it is the most widely used commercially pure titanium grade. Its wide use leads to high production volumes that reduce its price.

What Grade of Titanium Is Used for Anodizing?

Titanium  grades 2 and 3 are both suitable for anodizing. Anodizing is an electrochemical process that creates a protective oxide layer on the material’s surface.

What Are the Properties of Titanium?

The properties of titanium are listed below:

1. Electrical Resistivity: Titanium’s electrical resistivity ranges from 51 μΩ/cm (Ti-0.8Ni-0.3Mo) to 198 μΩ/cm (Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V).
2. Thermal Conductivity: Titanium’s thermal conductivity ranges from 6 W/m*k (Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo) to 22.7 W/m*k (Ti-0.8Ni-0.3Mo).

What Are the Physical Properties of Titanium? 

Some of the physical properties of titanium are listed below:

1. Density: Titanium’s density is 4.506 g/cm3.
2. Strength: The strength of titanium depends on the grade of titanium and the concentration of its alloying elements. The strength of titanium ranges from 240 MPa (commercially pure Grade 1) to 1241 MPa (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al alloy).
3. Color: Titanium has a lustrous, silvery-white color.
4. Ductility: Titanium ductility ranges from 6% elongation (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo) to 25% (Commercially Pure Grade 1).
5. Durability: Titanium is highly durable and has a long expected life due to its high tensile yield strength, hardness, and excellent fatigue resistance.

What Are the Chemical Properties of Titanium?

Some of the chemical properties of titanium are listed below:

1. Oxidation Potential: Titanium has an oxidation potential due to its electron configuration and its classification as a transition metal. Because of its high oxidation potential, titanium is not found in its pure form in nature and is instead found as oxides in rocks and minerals.
2. Ability to Form Alloys: Titanium can easily form alloys with other metals and elements due to its atomic size and its classification as a transition metal. Many different titanium alloys exist.
3. Reactivity: Titanium is reactive to acids, and halogens at high temperatures and entirely non-reactive to bases.
4. Corrosion Resistance: Titanium is naturally corrosion-resistant due to its tendency to react with oxygen and nitrogen. The formation of oxides on the surface of titanium protects the underlying material from corrosive agents.

What Are the Applications of Titanium?

Titanium is used in everything from condensers in power plants and desalination plants to consumer goods like golf clubs and bicycle frames. Our aerospace and automotive customers heavily rely on titanium, as it often finds itself useful in their projects. 

In aerospace, it accounts for nearly 50% of an aircraft’s total weight and it's so valuable in the industry that it’s even sometimes referred to as “aerospace metal.” For automakers, titanium’s characteristics can create parts with better aerodynamics and performance. Its low density and high strength also make it a more cost-effective manufacturing process since less material is needed.

We’ve already covered the titanium grades most commonly used in different industries above (such as industrial, chemical processing, and marine), but here are a few more ways titanium is widely being used around the world today. 

1. Jewelry

Used to make piercings, watches, necklaces, rings, and other jewelry items. Sometimes mixed with gold to make 24-karat gold alloys which are harder and more durable than pure gold alternatives. Its biocompatibility also makes titanium a popular go-to for people allergic to other metals, like nickel.

2. Medical 

Used in surgical and dental tools, implants, joint replacements, and osseointegration for better patient outcomes and implants/prosthetics that can last up to 30 years.

3. Industrial 

Titanium is commonly used in a broad range of industrial environments due to its high strength and fatigue resistance, corrosion resistance, light weight, and durability. Uses of titanium in industrial settings include heat exchangers, tanks, reactors, valves, pipes, connecting rods, pumps, and more.

4. Aerospace

Titanium is a great choice for the manufacture of aerospace parts and vehicles and accounts for nearly 50% of the total weight of an aircraft. It is often used to manufacture critical parts such as landing gear, firewalls, and hydraulic systems. Titanium is valued in the aerospace industry because of its low density, high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and fatigue resistance.

5. Architectural 

While steel is still the preferred metal for building frames, titanium is often used for glass frames, facades, roofs, interior wall surfaces, and ceilings thanks to its corrosion resistance and high strength-to-weight ratio.

6. Composites 

Titanium-based composites are recently developed materials used to make titanium fiber-reinforced or powder-reinforced composites. These have higher stiffness, wear resistance, and strength than conventional alloys. Although fairly new, titanium composites are starting to make their way to the aerospace and automotive industries.

7. Automotive Industry 

Titanium is often used in the automotive industry to make engine parts, crankshafts, valve seats, connecting rods, exhaust systems, suspension systems, and automotive frames. Titanium is highly coveted in the automotive industry due to its low density, high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and heat resistance. Not only do these characteristics of titanium enable improved aerodynamics and performance, but its low density and high strength also lead to a more cost-effective manufacturing process since less material is used to satisfy particular applications.

8. Processing of Chemicals 

Titanium is often used in the chemical processing industry due to its corrosion resistance and chemical inertness. While the reactivity of titanium significantly increases at higher temperatures (>700 °F), titanium is generally unreactive and stable at lower temperatures. Titanium is often used in pipes, flanges, tubing, tanks, pumps, and heat exchangers.

9. 3D Printing

Grade 5 titanium is used in 3D printing with powder bed fusion 3D printing methods, like direct metal laser sintering (a service we offer here at Xometry), selective laser melting, and electron beam melting. To build strong 3D printed parts, titanium powder is laid onto the printer’s bed and then the machine’s laser/electron beam fuses the particles together in cross sections of the parts design, layer by layer.

What Are the Benefits of Titanium?

Some of the benefits of titanium are listed below:

1. High Strength: Titanium has excellent strength and is one of the strongest metals on the periodic table. It has an exceedingly high strength-to-weight ratio, even more so than aluminum. Its strength and its low weight make titanium a popular option in many industries and applications.
2. Corrosion Resistance: Titanium is naturally resistant to corrosion due to its readiness to react with oxygen. Titanium oxide forms on the surface of the part when it is exposed to air. This titanium oxide layer protects the rest of the material from corrosive substances and environments. Its corrosion resistance makes titanium ideal for use in construction and marine applications.
3. Biocompatible: Titanium is nontoxic and biocompatible with both humans and animals. Hence, titanium is often used in the medical and dental industry, where it is used for implants and surgical and dental instruments.
4. High Melting Point: Titanium has a melting point of around 3,034 °F. This makes titanium ideal for high-temperature applications such as jet engines, rockets, power plants, and foundries.
5. Versatile Fabrication Methods: Though titanium is an exceptionally strong metal, it is soft and ductile. This enables titanium parts to be fabricated from a wide range of manufacturing processes including machining, forming, rolling, casting, and welding.

What Are the Limitations of Titanium?

Despite raving about all of titanium’s perks, it’s worth having a look at a few things this metal is not so good at. For starters, it can be reactive at high temperatures of over 700°F—something that makes the fabrication rather tedious and highly controlled. Production of titanium has to be in a carefully controlled and oxygen-free environment. 

While its low thermal conductivity does have its benefits, it can lead to the heat generated during manufacturing to build up in the tool rather than the material—not great news for the tool’s lifespan and quality. In addition, at temperatures above 570°F, titanium has low creep resistance (the slow deformation of a material when constantly under heavy loads). Finally, refining raw rocks and minerals to get pure titanium is not a cheap, easy, or quick endeavor.

What Is the Difference Between Titanium and Aluminum?

Titanium and aluminum are two metals on the periodic table that are commonly alloyed and used in a broad range of industries. The primary differences in various properties and costs between the two metals are shown in Table 1 below:

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